The purpose of this study is to develop a music therapy program based on self-compassion to improve the psychological well-being of middle-aged women and to verify its effectiveness. The research was conducted in the stages of program development and practical application based on the theoretical basis. The music therapy program was developed by applying the ADDIE model, which includes stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation, based on psychological well-being and self-compassion theories. Afterwards, the developed program was implemented for a total of five sessions, once a week from May to June 2022, targeting 34 middle-aged women living in Seoul. As a result of the study, the experimental group showed positive changes in the psychological well-being and self-compassion scales, which were confirmed to be significantly higher than the control group. In addition, this study was able to confirm the effectiveness and necessity of the developed program by analyzing the participants’ interviews. The results of this study are significant in that they can serve as basic data for the development of programs and policies and measures for the psychological well-being of middle-aged women.